Ibadah

Noon Saakin & Tanween

• Izhaar — clear pronunciation before throat letters ء ه ع ح غ خ
• Idghaam — merging into ي ر م ل و ن
• Iqlaab — noon becomes meem before ب
• Ikhfaa — hidden nasal sound before the remaining 15 letters

Meem Saakin

• Ikhfaa Shafawi — before ب
• Idghaam Shafawi — before م
• Izhaar Shafawi — before all other letters

Madd (Elongation)

• Madd Asli — 2 counts
• Madd Muttasil — 4-5 counts
• Madd Munfasil — 2-5 counts
• Madd Laazim — 6 counts
• Madd Aaridh lis-Sukoon — 2, 4 or 6 counts when stopping

Waqf — Rules of Stopping

• مـ Laazim — compulsory stop
• ط Mutlaq — absolute stop
• ج Jaaiz — permissible stop
• قلى — stopping is better
• صلى — continuing is better
• لا — do not stop
• ∴ ∴ Mu'anaqah — stop at one of the two only

Qalqalah (Echo)

• Letters: ق ط ب ج د
• Sughra — echo in the middle of a word
• Kubra — stronger echo when stopping

Makharij — Points of Articulation

• Al-Jawf — the empty space (madd letters ا و ي)
• Al-Halq — the throat (ء ه ع ح غ خ)
• Al-Lisan — the tongue, 18 letters
• Ash-Shafatan — the two lips (ف ب م و)
• Al-Khayshoom — the nasal passage (ghunnah)